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Classification of Medieval European Ships
1. Cogs developed from the ancient
Celtic flat bottomed boat and did not have a keel. The earliest
mention of a Cog is 948 AD near Amsterdam. High sided and heavy
the Cog was an ideal cargo vessel. The stern rudder replaced the
steering oar in the early 13th century. Add a 'castle' to the
stern and/or bow and the Cog become a naval vessel ready for battle.
Soldiers and marines used bows, arrows and catapults - later
guns also - to soften up the crew on an enemy ship by firing from the cog's 'castle'
before boarding.
3. Hulks had upturned stakes which terminated above the waterline. A keel carved from a great log was upturned at both stern and bow. The earliest known Hulk dates from the late 8th century at Utrecht.
4. Carracks were developed in the Mediterranean in the 15th century and had three or four masts and therefore the potential to be larger than any Cog or Hulk. They can be considered a fusion of the Cog, Hulk and Knarr, and a larger and more capable vessel was thereby created. Carracks had high rounded sterns with an aftcastel. Forecastles and bowsprits were also built on many Carracks. Carrack's were square rigged on the foremast, lateen rigged on the mizzenmast. They could handle rough seas, albeit rolling and pitching, and were therefore Europe's first long distance, ocean voyaging ship. The Spanish and Portuguese explored the world in Carracks in the 15th and 16th centuries. Columbus's flagship the Santa Maria was a small Carrack. Henry VIII's famous Mary Rose was a large Carrack built to exacting standards as a naval war ship.
5.Galleys derived from the Byzantine Dromon were to be found in the Medieval Mediterranean world where strong ocean winds do not always blow. With and without masts and sails, these galleys unlike their Classical prototypes were not multiple banked. |
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EUROPE - MEDIEVAL and RENAISSANCE SHIPS .
* New Links 07.12.08 * *
MEDIEVAL BOATS, SHIPS and LANDING PLACES
MARITIME COMMERCE . . .
SHIPS of the LATER MIDDLE AGES
The COG 1 . . . The COG 2 . . . MEDIEVAL COG - Iconography
15th CENTURY COG - NETHERLANDS - in Dutch
. NETHERLANDS - EXCAVATION of a COG-LIKE VESSEL - Masters Thesis / pdf document 312pp (26MB)
DIE BREMER KOGGE VON 1380 (1) - in German
DIE BREMER KOGGE VON 1380 (2) - excavation history / in German
TWO MASTED SHIPS - EARLY 15th CENTURY
The CARAVEL . . . .
The CARRACK 1 . . . .
The CARRACK 2
The GALLEY - 15th CENTURY . . . .
The GALLEON
. BALTIC SEA - MEDIEVAL SHIPWRECKS - Masters Thesis / pdf document 215pp (13MB)
. BALTIC STATES SHIPBUILDING - MEDIEVAL FORWARD - research article / pdf document
WATERWAYS and SHIPBUILDING IN NW RUSSIA in the MIDDLE AGES
KIEVAN RUS NAVY . . .
NOVGOROD and MUSCOVY RUS - NAVY
HISTORY of the SCOTTISH GALLEY . . . SAILING a MEDIEVAL SCOTTISH GALLEY
REPLICA of a MEDIEVAL SCOTTISH GALLEY
. EUROPE and ISLAM - MEDIEVAL and RENAISSANCE NAVAL WARFARE .
* New Links 07.12.08 *
FRENCH MEDIEVAL ARMIES and NAVIES
SWEDEN-TIDIG HISTORIA 1300-1900 - in Swedish
. VENETIAN NAVAL STRATEGY, 1000-1500 AD - research ms
. FLEET OPERATIONS in the FIRST GENOESE WAR, 1264-1266 - research ms
NAVAL BATTLE OFF ACRE, 1291
BATTLE of SLUYS 1340 - 1 . . . .
BATTLE of SLUYS 1340 - 2 - ships in close combat fr 14th ms
. BATTLE of SLUYS 1340 - 3 - GOD, LEADERSHIP, FLEMINGS and ARCHERY / research ms
. Les TRANSPORTS MARTIMES GENOIS vers la TERRE SAINT - research ms in French
MUSLIM WARSHIPS and NAVAL WARFARE
TURKISH NAVY - HISTORY
. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE in ARABO-BYZANTINE NAVAL WARFARE - research ms
. BATTLE of AIN GALUT, 1260 - MAMLUK - MONGOL Naval Warfare / research ms
. MAMLUK NAVAL POLICY - Rotting Ships and Razed Harbors / research ms
. NAVAL CONTRACT by the PAPACY AGAINST the TURKS, 1334 - research ms
. OTTOMANS - GALLEYS, GALLEONS, PORTOLAN CHARTS and ISOLANI - research ms
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